How many layers does the pericardium have?

The pericardium, which is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart, consists of two distinct layers. These layers are the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is the tough, outer layer that provides stability and protection to the heart, while the serous pericardium is further divided into an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer (or epicardium). The serous fluid present between these two layers helps reduce friction as the heart beats.

Understanding this structure is essential because any issues with the pericardium, such as inflammation or fluid accumulation, can significantly affect heart function and patient health. The clarity of this two-layer system is crucial for recognizing conditions related to pericardial disease in a clinical setting.